<b><span>Aim:</span></b><span> Public health professionals focus on both downstream (individual) and upstream (population-level) interventions to reduce sodium consumption and prevent sod...<b><span>Aim:</span></b><span> Public health professionals focus on both downstream (individual) and upstream (population-level) interventions to reduce sodium consumption and prevent sodium-related chronic diseases. Effective upstream interventions specifically aimed at reducing dietary sodium intake include the implementation of comprehensive nutrition standards that restrict the amount of sodium contain<span>ed in foods available for purchase. <span>The aim of this work was</span> to identify sought-after foods that did not meet the Philadelphia Nutrition Standards’ sodium limits and reformulate those foods to be standards-compliant</span> and consumer-acceptable. <b>Subject and Methods:</b> Two foods were reformulated for <span>compliancy</span> with the Philadelphia Nutrition Standards’ sodium limits and consumer acceptability: the hoagie roll and soft pretzel. Reformulation included sensory testing and engaging potential manufacturing partners to investigate products’ commercial potential. <b>Results: </b>While hoagie roll reformulation led to a local company manufacturing and selling the reformulated product, soft pr<span>etzel reformulation stalled due to lack of consumer acceptability of the reformulated product. Salt contributes desirable characteristics in the texture, taste, and appearance of the soft pretzel, the absence of which consumers found unacceptable. <b>Conclusion:</b> Product reformulation holds great potential to create lower-sodium foods that otherwise have all of the characteristics of the higher-sodium </span></span><span>“</span><span>original</span><span>”</span><span> products but requires an understanding of the role of salt in produ</span><span>ct recipes. Reducing salt without considering its multiple functions in food may result in a product that is unacceptable or even unsafe. A simple four-step tool can help public health practitioners evaluate the extent to which products are suitable for reformulation.</span>展开更多
It is questioned whether states,cities,and non-governmental organizations(NGOs)can solve the climate problem when rejecting to learn from critical scrutiny of their decisions.The Danish example of massive scale conver...It is questioned whether states,cities,and non-governmental organizations(NGOs)can solve the climate problem when rejecting to learn from critical scrutiny of their decisions.The Danish example of massive scale conversions from fossil to biomass sources for combustion-derived energy is a case in point,as it cannot be generalized.Historical as well as actual measurements since 1958 show that the world is living with an exceptionally high and rising level of atmospheric concentration of CO2.Additions(“sources”)and subtractions(“sinks”)have,therefore,to be considered as comprehensively as possible.Biological sinks must be better protected and expanded.The role of forests in climate mitigation is generally judged too optimistically without due regard to the threat of tipping points and short-term contributions to global warming from using woody biomass for energy purposes.Under the aim of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)to stabilize CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere at a level in accord with the precautionary principle,the reporting of national emissions must comprise CO2 emissions from the combustion of biomass,too.Since the Kyoto-phrase that“biomass fuels are considered CO2 neutral”in the energy sector has no consistent backing in the land sector,the complexities of real forest development must be considered.Protection must be prioritized to avoid that more forests tip into becoming net sources of greenhouse gases—and forest potentials to draw down CO2 from the atmosphere are foregone.Therefore,carbon accounting must be extended from the one-sided approach of reckoning with“Kyoto-CO2”from fossil sources only to integrated assessments of,how to decarbonize,i.e.,reduce CO2 emissions from the use of biomass sources,too.To become sustainable,correcting erroneous accountancy is a first step to be taken.Instead of using problematic carbon calculators,integrated energy planning for clean renewables can help,e.g.,at city level.展开更多
Key economic conference sets tone for 2021 "Extremely extraordinary." This was the top policymakers’ conclusion on 2020 as they took part in the Central Economic Work Conference in Beijing from December 16 ...Key economic conference sets tone for 2021 "Extremely extraordinary." This was the top policymakers’ conclusion on 2020 as they took part in the Central Economic Work Conference in Beijing from December 16 to 18, 2020, the annual meeting held to review the year’s performance and lay out the goals for the next.展开更多
In this paper,a new algorithm combining the features of bi-direction evolutionary structural optimization(BESO)and reinforcement learning(RL)is proposed for continuum structural topology optimization(STO).In contrast ...In this paper,a new algorithm combining the features of bi-direction evolutionary structural optimization(BESO)and reinforcement learning(RL)is proposed for continuum structural topology optimization(STO).In contrast to conventional approaches which only generate a certain quasi-optimal solution,the goal of the combined method is to provide more quasi-optimal solutions for designers such as the idea of generative design.Two key components were adopted.First,besides sensitivity,value function updated by Monte-Carlo reinforcement learning was utilized to measure the importance of each element,which made the solving process convergent and closer to the optimum.Second,ε-greedy policy added a random perturbation to the main search direction so as to extend the search ability.Finally,the quality and diversity of solutions could be guaranteed by controlling the value of compliance as well as Intersection-over-Union(IoU).Results of several 2D and 3D compliance minimization problems,including a geometrically nonlinear case,show that the combined method is capable of generating a group of good and different solutions that satisfy various possible requirements in engineering design within acceptable computation cost.展开更多
Can the China-U.S.relationship bottom out after the severe setbacks caused by Washington's hostile policy during Donald Trump's presidency?To Li Qiangmin,the answer is"sure"and he believes expanded e...Can the China-U.S.relationship bottom out after the severe setbacks caused by Washington's hostile policy during Donald Trump's presidency?To Li Qiangmin,the answer is"sure"and he believes expanded energy cooperation could help ease tensions between the two countrnes.展开更多
The Asia-Pacific region embraces the world’s top three economies closely linked in economic terms and taking the front ranks of the world in the size of economy and trade volume,whose development trend and policy ori...The Asia-Pacific region embraces the world’s top three economies closely linked in economic terms and taking the front ranks of the world in the size of economy and trade volume,whose development trend and policy orientation have important bearings on the world economic development.展开更多
文摘<b><span>Aim:</span></b><span> Public health professionals focus on both downstream (individual) and upstream (population-level) interventions to reduce sodium consumption and prevent sodium-related chronic diseases. Effective upstream interventions specifically aimed at reducing dietary sodium intake include the implementation of comprehensive nutrition standards that restrict the amount of sodium contain<span>ed in foods available for purchase. <span>The aim of this work was</span> to identify sought-after foods that did not meet the Philadelphia Nutrition Standards’ sodium limits and reformulate those foods to be standards-compliant</span> and consumer-acceptable. <b>Subject and Methods:</b> Two foods were reformulated for <span>compliancy</span> with the Philadelphia Nutrition Standards’ sodium limits and consumer acceptability: the hoagie roll and soft pretzel. Reformulation included sensory testing and engaging potential manufacturing partners to investigate products’ commercial potential. <b>Results: </b>While hoagie roll reformulation led to a local company manufacturing and selling the reformulated product, soft pr<span>etzel reformulation stalled due to lack of consumer acceptability of the reformulated product. Salt contributes desirable characteristics in the texture, taste, and appearance of the soft pretzel, the absence of which consumers found unacceptable. <b>Conclusion:</b> Product reformulation holds great potential to create lower-sodium foods that otherwise have all of the characteristics of the higher-sodium </span></span><span>“</span><span>original</span><span>”</span><span> products but requires an understanding of the role of salt in produ</span><span>ct recipes. Reducing salt without considering its multiple functions in food may result in a product that is unacceptable or even unsafe. A simple four-step tool can help public health practitioners evaluate the extent to which products are suitable for reformulation.</span>
文摘It is questioned whether states,cities,and non-governmental organizations(NGOs)can solve the climate problem when rejecting to learn from critical scrutiny of their decisions.The Danish example of massive scale conversions from fossil to biomass sources for combustion-derived energy is a case in point,as it cannot be generalized.Historical as well as actual measurements since 1958 show that the world is living with an exceptionally high and rising level of atmospheric concentration of CO2.Additions(“sources”)and subtractions(“sinks”)have,therefore,to be considered as comprehensively as possible.Biological sinks must be better protected and expanded.The role of forests in climate mitigation is generally judged too optimistically without due regard to the threat of tipping points and short-term contributions to global warming from using woody biomass for energy purposes.Under the aim of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)to stabilize CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere at a level in accord with the precautionary principle,the reporting of national emissions must comprise CO2 emissions from the combustion of biomass,too.Since the Kyoto-phrase that“biomass fuels are considered CO2 neutral”in the energy sector has no consistent backing in the land sector,the complexities of real forest development must be considered.Protection must be prioritized to avoid that more forests tip into becoming net sources of greenhouse gases—and forest potentials to draw down CO2 from the atmosphere are foregone.Therefore,carbon accounting must be extended from the one-sided approach of reckoning with“Kyoto-CO2”from fossil sources only to integrated assessments of,how to decarbonize,i.e.,reduce CO2 emissions from the use of biomass sources,too.To become sustainable,correcting erroneous accountancy is a first step to be taken.Instead of using problematic carbon calculators,integrated energy planning for clean renewables can help,e.g.,at city level.
文摘Key economic conference sets tone for 2021 "Extremely extraordinary." This was the top policymakers’ conclusion on 2020 as they took part in the Central Economic Work Conference in Beijing from December 16 to 18, 2020, the annual meeting held to review the year’s performance and lay out the goals for the next.
文摘In this paper,a new algorithm combining the features of bi-direction evolutionary structural optimization(BESO)and reinforcement learning(RL)is proposed for continuum structural topology optimization(STO).In contrast to conventional approaches which only generate a certain quasi-optimal solution,the goal of the combined method is to provide more quasi-optimal solutions for designers such as the idea of generative design.Two key components were adopted.First,besides sensitivity,value function updated by Monte-Carlo reinforcement learning was utilized to measure the importance of each element,which made the solving process convergent and closer to the optimum.Second,ε-greedy policy added a random perturbation to the main search direction so as to extend the search ability.Finally,the quality and diversity of solutions could be guaranteed by controlling the value of compliance as well as Intersection-over-Union(IoU).Results of several 2D and 3D compliance minimization problems,including a geometrically nonlinear case,show that the combined method is capable of generating a group of good and different solutions that satisfy various possible requirements in engineering design within acceptable computation cost.
文摘Can the China-U.S.relationship bottom out after the severe setbacks caused by Washington's hostile policy during Donald Trump's presidency?To Li Qiangmin,the answer is"sure"and he believes expanded energy cooperation could help ease tensions between the two countrnes.
文摘The Asia-Pacific region embraces the world’s top three economies closely linked in economic terms and taking the front ranks of the world in the size of economy and trade volume,whose development trend and policy orientation have important bearings on the world economic development.